Hand, foot and mouth disease
Frequently Asked Questions
What is hand foot and mouth disease?
Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a fairly common viral infection, which mainly affects infants and children. HFMD is caused by a group of viruses known as enteroviruses. It usually occurs in small outbreaks at crèches / day-care centres during the summer and autumn months.
Who can get hand foot and mouth disease?
Children under the age of 10 years are at greatest risk of infection. It is not common in adults, but people with weak immune systems may be prone to infection.
How is hand foot and mouth disease transmitted?
HFMD is spread from person to person by direct contact or by droplets from the mouth or nose of an infected person. The virus may also be spread through contaminated objects (e.g. toys, stationery) and faeces.
How does hand foot and mouth disease affect animals?
Hand foot and mouth disease does not occur in animals and should not be confused with foot and mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), that affects animals (e.g. sheep, cattle).
What are the signs and symptoms of hand foot and mouth disease?
Symptoms usually start 3 to 7 days after infection and last between 7 to 10 days. Common signs and symptoms include fever, sore throat, tiredness, loss of appetite and small blisters on the inside of the mouth, sides of the tongue, palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
How is hand foot and mouth disease treated?
There is no specific vaccine or treatment for HMFD. Individual symptoms such as fever and pain from sores can be treated with medication. Affected individuals are encouraged to rest and drink plenty of water. The infection is usually self-limiting and clears without medication after 7 to 10 days. A small minority of individuals with HMFD may need to be admitted to the hospital for treatment of complications. Infected individuals with severe disease or complications must go to the nearest healthcare facility.
How is hand foot and mouth disease prevented?
Educators and parents should encourage good hygiene such as regular hand-washing and not sharing eating utensils (e.g. cutlery, cups, toothbrushes). Regularly clean surfaces and other shared items such as toys and stationery. Children should avoid direct contact with persons who are ill. HFMD can be found anywhere in South Africa, but most outbreaks occur in institutions like crèches or daycare centres.